Food Chain, Food Web and Ecological Pyramid

GAYATRI VIDYA PARISHAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (AUTONOMOUS) MADHUARAWADA, VISAKHAPATNAM – 530048 ASSIGNMENT SUBMITTED TO: S. V. RAMANA ————————————————- DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH NAME OF THE STUDENT: VAMSI KRISHNA G ROLL NUMBER:12131A0533 TITLE OF THE ASSIGNMENT: TECHNOLOGY ON EDUCATION ————————————————- DATE OF SUBMISSION: 15-04-2013 INTRODUCTION: The impact of technology on education is immense.In olden days students used to get confined to libraries for any information on the topics given to them but now a days the technology has been improved , students carry portable devices with them such as laptops, mobiles etc. they are also provided with Ebooks which are much more advanced than the textbooks. KEY POINTS: 1. As the technology have been increased producti vity tools such as databases, spreadsheets, graphic programs etc allow students to independently organize, analyze, interpret, develop, their own work 2.Projectors are playing a major role in an students life as teachers have adopted e learning techniques due to which students are understanding the concepts easily. It has lessen the burden of a teacher 3. Technology have been increased so well that the application of scientific calculators have lessen the burden of the engineering students. 4. students can set up language lessons with a native speaker who lives in another country and attend the lessons via videoconferencing 5.With a simple assignment and access to technology, researching and also producing a product that would communicate, students are able to do deep learning on a concept that wasn’t even addressed in their textbook, and allow other people to view it and learn from it. 6. E-books is an electronic device which consists of a lot of information more than a text book. Hence e-book has replaced the textbook . 7. 3D learning has become a reality especially for medical , architech , biology students as it increases their understanding and are able to grasp the concept very easily. . Now a days students are not restricted to libraries and classrooms as they are equipped with portable learning devices such as laptops, pendrives, smartphones etc. 9. In olden days students used to refer a number of books by going to library but now students can get any information on any topic on web for example Wikipedia. 10. Assistive technology can help students who have mental retardation along with students who are low performers, at-risk students or have any learning disability. 11.There are a number of websites such as expert tutorials, mock testes, online testes which increase the confidence of the students facing any type of exams. 12. Presently, classroom learning is increasingly dependent on the integration of technology thus enhancing learning. The cur rent technology uses email systems, data processing and laptop audio/videos webinars. 13. youtube is a great example for homegrown ingenuity as it has many different venues such as entertainment, learning and even commercialization of products. 14.The improvement in technology has been a great help to students in many fields for instance, in the field of fashion technology , one can use different colour patterns , 3D designing etc. so that they can have immediate evaluation. 15. The textbooks have also become very attractive with fine quality and much more advanced than the olden day’s textbooks, which help the students to update the information accurately. 16. In olden days students used to write the information from different textbooks which was a time taking process but now a days students can get any type of information printed instead of writing. 7. Students can incoperate pictures,matter with the help of scanner in their presentation. 18. Open air class room techniques have been implemented so that students engage in hands on learning related to nature topics. 19. Virtual reality technology is an important tool for the monitoring anomalies in structures and to assist decisions based on visual analysis of alternative solutions. It is mostly used in civil engineering. 20. The technology has made it possible for the distance education students to persue degree with good universities.CONCLUSION: Hence increase in technology has brought a great change in education. Students are getting more confident and are able to face the world with no fear. Computers assist in education by providing a wide range of resources, and by tailoring instruction to the individual student, which can seldom be done in the normal classroom. VAMSI KRISHNA G 15-04-2013 SIGNATURE (WITH DATE)

How do the brain and eyes jointly process information?

Introduction The intricacies of the human eye enable us to interpret light and distinguish colour to produce vision. It is, however, the complexity of the processing in the visual pathway from eye to brain along which this information is interpreted and manifested that allows us to create a representation of the surrounding world, otherwise known as visual perception (Gibson, 1950). Whilst vision begins with the eye and ends with the brain, the way these organs work together and the relative influence each has on our perception is fundamental to producing what we see. Light is first refracted onto the cornea of the eye before passing to the pupil and lens. An image is then projected onto the retina, resulting in the production of ganglion cells specialised to describe depth, colour, shape, motion, and light intensity (Nelson, 2007). Nerve spikes from the ganglion cells containing this information transmit to the brain’s optic nerve, by which visual information is passed for interpretation in the visual cortex. The right and left visual cortices comprise part of the occipital lobe of the brain, both receiving information from the opposite hemisphere’s visual field. The estimated 140 million neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1) (Lueba & Kraftsik, 1994) fire when visual stimuli appear within their receptive field, and these fields are tuned to receive stimuli of specific orientations and colours (Kandal et al., 2000). The receptive fields of neurons in more complex visual processing areas are able to detect more intricate stimuli such as faces (Kanwisher, McDermott & Chun, 1997) or direction (Allman et al. 1984). The five identified visual areas (V1-V5) are interconnected with varying strengths, allowing information to be projected forward from one to another and feedback to be given. As the visual information passes through this hierarchy, it is proposed that is processed by two pathways of neural representation. These pathways, named the dorsal and ventral streams, are hypothesi sed to deal with spatial attention and the recognition and perception of visual stimuli respectively, and involve the passing of visual information and representation further into the brain integrating it with awareness, attention, and memory functions (Ungerleider & Mishkin, 1982). The process of visual perception, as the eye’s sensory input is interpreted throughout the brain enables us to perceive and construct our own visual world. Gibson (1966) proposed a direct theory of perception, affording the richness of the sensory input with the construction of the perceived visual outcome. He claimed that a variety of environmental cues, or affordances, aid the interpretation of the visual scene. These include brightness, texture gradient, relative size, and superimposition (where one object blocks another). Gibson believed that when combined with invariants (constancies within the environment ie. parallel lines appearing to converge toward a horizon) and optic flow (the pattern of light movement within a visual scene) this was enough to enable the perceiver to orient themselves and the surrounding environment. There are, however, complexities to Gibson’s bottom-up theory of visual processing. It may be overly simplistic to underestimate the role of a top-down influence from the brain. Gibson’s theory does not account for times when the visual system is fooled, or becomes subject to an illusion. Rubin’s Vase (Rubin, 1915) is a classic example of how the human visual system is subject to ambiguity, where one single visual stimulus can be perceived as two distinct images. If the visual system directly processes light into an image, it would follow that a single visual input would lead to a universal and singular output. However, the existence of ambiguity in the perception of a visual stimulus suggests there may be times when the brain cannot decide as to what representation to assign to the visual input. Further questions are raised when looking at the influence of context, and how this can lead us to misinterpret visual stimuli. The Ebbinghaus Illusion, demonstrates perceptual distortion, highlighting the role of contextual cues, where a circle surrounded by large circles is judged as smaller than the same circle surrounded by small circles (Obonai, 1954). This is suggestive of a higher-level process in which the brain applies context relevant logic to the interpretation of a visual stimuli. Additionally, experience provides strong influence over the processing of visual information. ‘Impossible illusions‘ such as Escher’s Waterfall, and the Hollow Face Illusion (Gregory, 1997) exploit concepts of experiential perceptual learning, such as knowledge that adjacent edges must join, and human faces are always convex. These illusions demonstrate how the brain aims to perceive coherence in 3D objects to make sense out of its visual environment, creating a captivating paradox between what we know and what we are actually seeing. Visual perception can be ambiguous, distorted, paradoxical, and even fictitious (Gregory, 1980). It appears to be influenced by context, experience, and expectation, a concept asserted by Richard Gregory (1970) who theorised perception as a top-down process. Deduced from observations of when the human visual system makes errors, Gregory proposed that the brain constructs a visual hypothesis from information processed by the eye based on former experience and knowledge. If the top-down, constructivist theory holds true, there are implications for the constancy of percepts between individuals. We all have idiosynchratic knowledge and experience. Do differences in internal representation lead individuals to perceive visual stimuli differently from each otherAdditionally, what is to be said for the perception of those that have no knowledge or experienceDoherty et al. (2010) observed an absence of suceptibility to the Ebbinghaus illusion in a number of children under seven years of age, perhaps suggestive that experience and knowledge does have an influence on visual information processing. Without the knowledge base, the children were not affected by the contextual cues. MacLeod (2007) proposes that top-down theories are based on times when visual conditions are poor, and bottom-up theories are founded in ideal viewing conditions; neither of which is an all encompassing explanation of perception. Recent research highlights the interaction of both constructivist and direct processes (MacLeod, 2007), with the proposal that when bottom-up, sensory information is abundant there is less input from contextual hypotheses, and when there is an absence of stimulus information, the brain draws on its prior knowledge and experience to comprehend the input (Ramachandran, 1994). It becomes apparent that the study of human perception and how it is influenced by not only the anatomical structure of the visual pathway, but also psychological components such as experience and knowledge will enable us to further understand how the eyes and the brain interact to process visual information. References: Allman, J., Miezin, F., McGuinness, E. (1985) ‘Direction- and velocity-specific responses from beyond the classical receptive field in the middle temporal visual area (MT)† Perception, 14(2), pp. 105 – 126. Doherty, M., Campbell, N., Hiromi, T., and Phillips, W. (2010) ‘The Ebbinghaus illusion deceives adults but not young children’, Developmental Science, 13(5), pp. 714-721. Gibson, J. (1950). The perception of the visual world. Oxford: Houghton Mifflin. Gibson, J. (1966). The senses considered as perceptual systems. Oxford: Houghton Mifflin. Gregory, R. (1970). The Intelligent Eye. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Gregory RL. (1980) ‘Perceptions as hypotheses’. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, vol. 290(B), pp. 181-197. Gregory, R. (1997) ‘Knowledge in perception and illusion’, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, vol. 352, pp. 1121–1128. Kandal, E., Schwartz,J., and Jessell, T. (2000). Principles of Neural Science. 4th Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, Health Professions Division. Kanwisher, N., McDermott, J., and Chun, M. (1997) ‘The fusiform face area: a module in human extrastriate cortex specialized for face perception’, Journal of Neuroscience, 17, pp. 4302-4311. Leuba, G., and Kraftsik, R. (1994) ‘Changes in volume, surface estimate, three-dimensional shape and total number of neurons of the human primary visual cortex from midgestation until old age’, Anatomy of Embryology, 190, pp.351-366. McLeod, S. (2007). Simply Psychology. [online] Available at: [Accessed 22 February 2012]. Nelson, R. (2007) Visual responses of ganglion cells. In: H. Kolb, E. Fernandez, and R. Nelson (eds.), The Organisation of the Retina and Visual System. Salt Lake City (UT): University of Utah Health Sciences Centre. Obonai, T., (1954) ‘Induction effects in estimates of extent’, Journal of Experimental Psychology, 47, pp. 57-60. Ramachandran, V. (1994). In: R. Gregory, and J. Harris, (eds.) The Artful Eye. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 249–267. Rubin, E. (1915). Synsoplevede Figurer: Studier i psykologisk Analyse. Forste Del’ [Visually experienced figures: Studies in psychological analysis. Part one]. Copenhagen and Christiania: Gyldendalske Boghandel, Nordisk Forlag. Ungerleider, L., and Mishkin, M. (1982). Two cortical visual systems. In: D. Ingle, M. Goodale, and R. Mansfield, (eds). Analysis of Visual Behavior. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. pp. 549–586.

Kudler and the True Meaning of Marketing

Use the Virtual Organization link on the student website to access additional company information on Kudler Fine Foods. Write a 1,050- to 1,400-word paper in which you justify the importance of marketing research in developing Kudler Fine Foods’ marketing strategy and tactics. Include the following: Identify the areas where additional market research is needed. Analyze the importance of competitive intelligence and analysis regarding the development of Kudler Fine Foods’ marketing strategy and tactics. A marketing analysis conducted for the Kudler Fine Foods to obtain a complete and comprehensive review of the potential the organizational strategic plan of Kudler fine foods from, marketing view points and, customer viewpoints. Also going through the marketing strategies of Kudler will allow an understanding of the company's competitiveness within the organization and with other known business like Kudler fine foods. This will allow us to tell the weather or not Kudler fine foods is a reliable and successful company or if it needs major improvements to keep up with the standards set forth by the competitors. Kudler Fine Foods has a strong self-driven and determined market and work place. Some ways they make themselves a great part of the exclusive market of fine foods. Some of Kudler’s ways Kudler makes this possible is by the expertise that is given with the gourmet setting at all the locations from the wine to the cheeses and other fine foods. Kudler went over and beyond to make sure the expertise was carried out by the use of the surveys they had customers and visitors to complete in 2010 and 2011. According to these surveys, Kudler showed strengths and weakness that they hold above the competitors are the outstanding customer relations and the enormous selection of the world’s best fine foods. The gourmet food was satisfactory for the money that was spent and appreciated by the majority of their customers. The high quality food for the right price and how the right price is deterred is another fine example of the marketing research. Some weaknesses of Kudler is indicated in the same customer surveys that where received these included the marketing Kudler uses for customer service and the display of the merchandise. In this instance Kudler can easily change the way it displays the merchandise and make the displays more attractive to make the equally appeal the intended customers. This Is a great example of when Kudler needs to do marketing research to help find answers and resources to fix the problems. Excellent customer service is Kudler’s primary focus this was noticed by the majority of the customers that responded to the surveys. It is impossible to please everyone and Kudler knows this, but is striving to do the best job possible. A possible way to change the outlook of some Kathy Kudler could retrain her staff by reminding them of the importance of Kudler’s customers and the service they are given when visiting Kudler fine foods. It is with the upmost importance that business need to remember is that customer service is and should be to upmost priority in a prospering business. Without excellent customer service is it impossible to have a high achieving company like Kudler fine foods Kudler Fine Foods is an astonishing company with the highest goals in providing the upmost best in customer satisfaction to the extent of the capabilities of the gourmet superstar. Kudler is dedicated to making everyone’s experience the best possible. When at Kudler’s they make sure if you can’t find it in the store that they find a way to find it for you. Keeping this in mind Kudler fine foods is a highly competitive business structure with some of the best priorities that there could be. Kudler can and will be a highly remarkable company in the future as long as they keep up the importance of outstanding customer service and relations. Also it is a must that Kudler keeps up with the changing demand structures in the economy to keep a large supply of the demanded goods. With excellent service and an excellent inventory this company will prosper and grow. A Kudler fine food has a mild marketing approach at some point it may be necessary to change the marketing approach to meet the demand of the company and the sales. Keeping a close eye on the market and its competitors is a must. Some down falls of Kudler fine foods could be the focus on the surveys. Lowering the drive for the surveys could help ease some of the customer’s feedback, but with this in mind it may be a necessary to keep the comfort of the customers. Keeping customer satisfaction is a must. At the same time and can be over done in the ways the company harps on the surveys. One possible way of correcting this issue is to simply ask in person if there are any concerns or anything they would like to see. Another way this can be achieved is to have a comment box on the company web site and in the stores. This could be a nonchalant way of getting the information needed without harassing the customers with bothersome surveys. For the most part customers do only gripe or complain if something is wrong. On the other side of this note many customers will let you know if you ask, but the way this is asked can be done in other ways. Some companies use marketing schemes at the checkout such as promotions and bugging customers with questions at checkout this is not always the way to do things though. This type of conduct can annoy and bother customers. An annoyed customer is most likely not going to come back unless they just half to. Keeping competitive and treating customers with the best of care is a quality that is lacking in society and the business community today. Kudler fine food is well on its way to setting the mild stone of the customer relations world. Keeping this standard along with the highest competitive prices and outstanding selection of gourmet foods will drive this company in a good and prosperous direction. References American Marketing Association. (2013). marketing power. Retrieved from http://www.marketingpower.com/AboutAMA/Pages/DefinitionofMarketing.aspx Business Dictionary. (2013). business dictionary meaning of marketing. Retrieved from http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/marketing.html#ixzz2R

Auditing and Reporting of Business Performance Coursework

Auditing and Reporting of Business Performance - Coursework Example The Internal Auditing System need to follow a structured model within the organization's business framework that enables the business data to be fetched from various data sources such that they can be mapped with the Strategic Business Objectives within the auditing framework. Given that the strategic objectives of every business would be different, an empirical analysis pertaining to an industrial sector in general may not be completely useful to every company in that Industry. However, Organizations can definitely get the direction on the methodology that can lead to successful implementation of an Internal Auditing system which in turn can help in mapping the internal systems & processes of the organization with the strategic business objectives. This research is an attempt to establish such an empirical generalization pertaining to the modern practices in auditing and improvement of Business Performance (Hewitt, Bill. 2008. pp50; Pollieri, Maria. 2007. pp26-30; Boerner, Hank. 200 7. pp41-43; James, Mick. 2008. pp27-28) While an external auditor can add value to the internal auditing system of an organization, the actual contributions would be tangible from the internal auditing team only. ... This is because the reports being put forward to the executive management would be effectively modelled and consolidated by an internal team possessing in depth knowledge of the business system of the organization. Given the role & positioning of Internal Auditors, they are best placed to analyze and build these analytical models and generate audit reports that shall help the executive management to take timely proactive steps in order to protect the current competitive advantages as well as form new competitive advantages of the organization in new market segments, locations or countries. These models deliver intelligently analyzed reports pertaining to business performance and hence are commonly known as "Business Performance Management (BPM)" that is supported by the "Business Activity Monitoring (BAM)" systems. A BAM system has the potential to enable a business towards partial or full automation of business modelling & reporting thus ensuring better Process Efficiency, enhanced Employee Productivity, enhanced Customer satisfaction & retention, Transparency, Accuracy & Security of Business Information, improved compliance to Statutory Requirements & Regulations, and finally protection of Business & enhancement of Bottom Lines. The BPM practice essentially changes the way a business operates thus making it more structured, disciplined, informed and well aligned towards the business goals. Such a system unleashes a number of secrets of correlations and analysis pertaining to the business dynamics delivered with excellent levels of accuracy. The Internal Auditors are informed with accurate and consistent data from a tightly integrated and controlled system. (Landry, Steven. P, 2008. p218; April, Carolyn A. and Margulius David L. 2002. pp27) Table of

Project management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Project management - Assignment Example Being one of the biggest and most innovative banks in New Zealand, ASB Bank needed to minimize energy consumption in all its headquarters and branch networks. Besides minimizing energy, cost the bank also wanted a solution that would enable a countrywide communication infrastructure, which would be reliable and secure. In addition, the bank also wanted a solution that would be independent of the bank’s data network. Finally, the fact that the smart metering technology was a new phenomenon in the New Zealand market necessitated the bank to find an experienced M2M partner. All these formed the primary goals of the establishment of the Machine-to-Machine (M2M) smart meter solution project. To minimize energy consumption, the bank aimed at installing a network of more than 200 smart meters in the in its headquarters and branch networks all over the country. The proposition of the project was to install smart meters in each ASB bank branches countrywide and around 10 smart meters in the bank’s data centre, call centre, and headquarters. The smart meters installed would collect data in a 15 minute interval, from eight power sources, and then feed the information collected to a central server in a 30 minute interval on a daily basis. This would enable the ASB Bank to monitor the data in each of its branches in a near instantaneous manner, verify the load profile, and respond to any problems in any of the branches accordingly. Smart meters would be installed in all the bank’s branches, key buildings and individual loads in bigger buildings. After the smart meters collect data from all the branches and offices, the data can be manipulated using numerous customized reports and automatically sent to the main server To enable successful project scheduling, the project goals must be broken down into tasks before the delivery dates, resource constrictions, or task contingencies are considered. When

Net-Centric Computing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Net-Centric Computing - Essay Example Net-centric computing is designed to achieve optimal performance of all the resources. James Robertson, the founder of Step Two designs, a vendor neutral consultancy located in Australia has an article on 10 principles of effective information management  (KM.   1 November 2005). The article describes the concerns that users face in the implementation of information management. He also discusses the challenges in implementing information management effectively (Robertson, 2005). QUESTION: Are Robertson’s 10 principles easier or harder to apply in the context of a network? The application of James Robertson’s principles on a network is much easier (Albert, 2002). This can be attributed to the fact that a network, though varying in complexity, is somewhat less complicated than information management. This is discussed by breaking down the principles in a networking scenario. Recognize (and manage) complexity This principle explains the recognition and management of co mplexity. According to Robertson, this should be done when faced with complexity and a dynamic approach should be taken. When setting up a network, many variables are considered because the network is bound to grow and advance. With advancement complexities are bound to arise. With this principle, the complexities are easily projected, recognized and contingencies put in place to manage them as they arise. Focus on adoption The biggest challenge this principle faces in information management is that the staff need to actively participate and if they don’t, the required information won’t be captured. Before a network is designed the necessity of it has to be thoroughly evaluated, that is, who are the users, are there appropriate applications available, are the services and data coordinated to ensure efficiency? With all this needs evaluated, when it comes to implementation, adoption is not a problem. Deliver tangible and visible benefits Before a network is designed, go als have to be set. Design testing has to be done before implementation. During testing, all the goals have to be met with sufficient results before implementation; this ensures that the network always delivers (Robertson, 2005). Prioritize according to business needs The need for priorities is always there, and it always determines which tasks will be done first. In a network, this eliminates the time wasted on tasks that will not bring efficiency first, so the most important and critical are performed first. Take a journey of a thousand steps Because it is almost impossible to account for every detail in any setting, in a network the principle will dictate that, the most optimal solution be used and the changes, that will occur, will be handled periodically. Provide strong leadership In any project, the capability of the project leader will always determine the success of that project. In networking, a lot of coordination is required between the different sections, and with strong leadership, the project runs smoother, and probability for errors, and failure is significantly reduced. Mitigate risks No matter how well planned a project may be, errors can always happen, for example, the failure of a server is always unseen. Good risk management always reduces the damage that is done when problems occur. For example, frequent backup, will reduce the amount of data lost during a server failure. Communicate extensively Good communication is always essential when many parties are involved. A network is composed

The Development of the Scientific Management Theory Research Paper - 1

The Development of the Scientific Management Theory - Research Paper Example The researcher states that the most of individuals think that the basic motives of employers and employees are essentially opposed. In contrast, scientific management has for its core groundwork the strong belief that the genuine objects of the two are inseparable - that wealth for the employer cannot be sustained in the long run unless it is attended with the wealth for the employee and that it is doable to grant the employee what s/he most desires and the employer what s/he desires for his/her production. Thus, it is unquestionable that the influential and most contentious contribution to the development of management theory was the theory and practice of scientific management by Frederick Winslow Taylor, that was a main focus of the analysis and was presented in the essay. The principles of scientific management remain in vogue in large numbers of companies in the US. However, this is not similar to the scientific management pioneered by Frederick Taylor. Over the years, these man agement principles have been modified and the outdated components have been eliminated. This capacity to adjust has been helpful in the continued existence of the fundamental premises of scientific management, where remain numerous deliberations about its fundamental rules in contemporary management theory. This is due to the fact that these fundamental principles remain vital, present-day managers still applying them. Hence, the issues have numerous spectators. Scientific management survives and will stay alive for a hundred years or so.

Commercial Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Commercial - Essay Example Just when the camera is panned on the windscreen, there is a work-in-progress shown being carried out at the middle of the road and just when there is about to be a collision, the driver steps on the brakes and the car halts before it could collide and kill him. The driver then turns to the grim reaper and says sorry with a smirk for spoiling the plan. In the end, the ad copy says: â€Å"Senses danger and increases braking power† (Youtube.com, 2010). The message in the advertisement is clear and concise which is clearly promoting the technology of the sensor which would increase the braking capability of the car when it senses an object or any obstruction nearby at a certain distance. The ad depicts that just because the driver owns Mercedes with the mentioned sensing technology, he could avoid the accident. Secondly, as the brand of Mercedes is already established, the advertisement contains minimal branding rather, the idea of sensor brakes has been shown. The logo appears at the end of the ad when the message is being shown (Youtube.com, 2010). From the visuals of the ad, the target audience is most likely to be men, aged between 35 and 45, who live in the sub-urban areas or have travelling routes similar to that which has been shown in the advertisement. As Mercedes is a luxury brand, the people who can afford the amenity would be the most accurate target audience as they would be the target market as well (Youtube.com, 2010; Farbey, 2002). Besides this, the advertisement also carries a personality which suits the corporate sector or in other words, the target audience of this ad, judging from the imagery which has been used, is people who are employed (Youtube.com, 2010; Farbey, 2002). Secondly, the ad shows how Mercedes could avoid a serious accident therefore the target audience of this ad would also be those people who value security and safety more than they value other attributes in a car (Youtube.com, 2010; Farbey, 2002). Not only

Popular Culture-Villains Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Popular Culture-Villains - Essay Example The source asserts that the movies where Lecter is not presented significantly i.e. Lambs and Manhunter are better in the series because more attention is deflected from the main character. The author rates other movies lowly due to the fact that Lecter is predominantly represented in the movies. The source even goes to extent of predicting the nature of the next movie in reference to the past trends. It is predicted that Lecter will still feature predominantly, â€Å"†¦the next Lecter film gets made (I’m quite certain it will, and probably sooner than later), it’s going to have to feature Lecter predominantly† (Lev 4). This is an assumption that the preceding movies in the series might be of low quality, which is not always the case. The first impression that the article presents to the reader is that the â€Å"totally overrated† status that is used to define Hannibal Lecter is due to the cheap price attached to the book (Lev 1). However, the low price of the material might not be necessarily because the product is of low quality. Other factors such as the economic stability of the readers could be at play. The source may dismiss the actor as overrated but the admission that the AFI named him the leading movie villain of all times. This creates doubts on the sincerity of the overrated claims. One of the source’s ratings of the main character is related to his role, â€Å"...guy with his tics and theatrical preening and eating people ...† (Lev 3). This is a personal confession of the author on the unpleasant things that the he identified after watching the movies. Although some character behaviors might not be attractive, the source should not have blamed all the weaknesses on the Lecter alon e because he serves to advance the theme of the film. Therefore, the failure to entertain should also be blamed on the general failure of thematic organization of the movie. The roles of the characters should be the same as that of the directors as they all work

Creat a company profile Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Creat a company profile - Essay Example The management of the organization will try to source quality product resources from reliable and efficient suppliers to maintain the high quality of the mentioned high quality products. The management of the organization will try to provide free home delivery service for the placed orders by the customers who used to stay within the distance of 4 kilometers from the outlets. High product quality and efficient customer service are the major corporate objectives of Hangout Plaza. The organization will try to recruit skilled and efficient employees in order to enhance effective business performance and significant customer service management process. Hangout Plaza will try to maintain environmental sustainability by ensuring water recycling and zero solid waste. Value added services and high quality fast food products for the customers, employee engagement in strategic decision making process and environmental sustainability are the major business themes of Hangout Plaza in Dubai. (C) Hangout Plaza is a small family owned Local fast food organization in the United Arab Emirates headquartered in Dubai. It is true that the business environment in UAE is becoming highly potential as the several multinational and local organizations are trying to target the Dubai market due to several favorable external environmental factors. In addition to this, demand for high quality fast food items is significantly increasing among the people of Dubai. Hangout Plaza will try to meet the recent market demand and needs of target customers by ensuring effective quality of fast food products and high quality customer service. The organization is small family owned domestic firm. The organization will incorporate different operational management strategy. Despite the family owned structure, the top management of the organization will incorporate decentralized decision making process in which the thoughts, views and opinions of the employees that will be considered that can enhance str ategy development and decision making process. On the other hand, the organization will try to focus on effective employee motivation in order to enhance the business performance of the organization. The entrepreneur of the organization will try to adopt and implement horizontal organizational structure as the organization is a small family owned enterprise (Khanka, 2007). This horizontal organizational structure will help Hangout Plaza to enhance the communication process between the employees and top level management. It is quite important for the organization to focus on effective human resource management practices as the business environment in Dubai is becoming highly competitive due to presence of several multination leading fast food chains. (D) It is highly important for Hangout Plaza to develop an effective recruitment plan to sustain the proposed and developed size of the organization. The recruitment plan includes several elements that are provided below. (i) It is highl y important for Hangout Plaza to consider several important elements in developing a recruitment plan. Elements like employee turnover, new business development, effective workplace environment and culture, and external outcomes can be considered as the important to consider in developing recruitment plan. Employee turnover need to be considered as one of the important element in the decision making p

An analysis of corporate governance in the GCC countries and the Literature review - 1

An analysis of corporate governance in the GCC countries and the impact of sharia law on it - Literature review Example Other than the parties within the organization, corporate governance is also concerned with the relationships that exist among the stakeholders of an organization and its impact to the achievement of the organization’s goals and objectives. In modern business organizations, major external business stakeholders include trade creditor, customers, suppliers, shareholders, debtors and the general public members who are directly or indirectly affected by the corporation’s activities (Maria and Thomas, 1999). There are also some internal stakeholders in every organization that too need to be taken care of by the management. These include the employees, board of directors, executives and management itself. The external stakeholders need more attention than the internal stakeholders since they are the one who help in meeting the expectations of the external ones. There are many debates held by scholars, researchers and modern economist on how economic well being is impacted by the corporate governance existing in a country or a certain trade block. The issue of concern here is the welfare of shareholders, who are the most sensitive external stakeholders in every corporation. Majority of these debaters argue that there is need to establish regulatory policies to ensure that companies have given the necessary priority to the needs of shareholders. To them economy efficiency in any country depends strongly on the ability of that country to attract many domestic and international investors. This can only be achieved if shareholders are satisfied hence attracting more investors or they can even increase their investment by increasing capital (Becht, 1997), There issue of concern in this study is basically on how corporate governance has been taking place in different parts of the world with more emphasis put on the Gulf Cooperation Council Countries

Use of Alcohol (Halal Issue) Essay Example for Free

Use of Alcohol (Halal Issue) Essay A controversial issue of Halal is the presence of alcohol in food and beverage. Traditionally, consumers and Islamic jurists have identified alcohol as a substance that is Haram for consumption, whilst the process of fermentation is perceived as an unethical process as it produces intoxicants. Since alcohol exists in small quantities in Halal food products, consumers are unsure of its legal values and whether it can be consumed. However, food producer claims that the fermentation processes itself are not unethical. In fact, the processes are essential in major industrial applications especially food processing and flavoring. Alcohol is pervasive in the food industry in its indispensable role as food soluble, flavoring and preservatives. These distinctive features of alcohol as solvent agents are also extensively applied in pharmaceutical, cosmetics, drugs and antibiotics, and other industrial applications. The total value of the application of alcohol in these industries is in the billions of dollars considering that just in the soft drink sector alone, for example, Coca Cola reported sales of USD22billion in its 2004 annual report.(Alcohol is used as solvent in this industry). Alcohol occurs as a result of the processes of fermentation and in industrial applications, fermentation has proven to be an economically and commercially viable mode to produce alcohol. The type of alcohol that is commonly extracted through this process for the food industry is known as ethanol, which in its purest form would be harmful for consumption. Thus, ethanol is always mixed with other substances to render it safe for consumption.

Definition of fixed cost and variable cost

Definition of fixed cost and variable cost Fixed cost (FC): is a cost that remains constant, in total, regardless of changes in the level of activity. Fixed costs are not affected by changes in activity. Consequently, as the activity level rises and falls, total fixed costs remain constant unless influenced by some outside force. But fixed cost per unit decreases as the activity level rises and increases as the activity level falls. (Garrison etal., 2006, P49). Fixed costs include salaries of executives, interest expense, rent, depreciation, and insurance expenses. . Variable cost (VC): is a cost that varies, in total, in direct proportion o changes in the level activity. The activity can be expressed in many ways, such as units produced, units sold, miles driven, beds occupied, lines of print, hours worked and so forth. But variable cost per unit remains constant. ((Garrison etal., 2006, P48). Direct cost, indirect cost and overhead costs Direct costs: is a cost that can be easily and conveniently traced to the particular cost object under consideration. The concept of direct cost extends beyond just direct materials and direct labor. (Garrison etal., 2006, P50). Example: the salary of supervisor in marketing department is the direct cost for marketing department. The salary is likely the same each month not depend on the quantity of sales product. Indirect costs: is a cost that cannot be easily and conveniently traced to the particular cost object under consideration. (Garrison etal., 2006, P50).   Each business has its own method of allocating indirect costs to different products, sources of sales revenue and  business units.  Business managers and accounts should always keep an eye on the allocation methods used for indirect costs. Example: Depreciation on the production machine is also an indirect product cost, it stays the same each year not depend on the volume produced on the machine. Costs can be direct and indirect depending on the cost object: product, department,  and others such as division, customer, or geographic market. The total amount of the  cost remain the same as volume changes, it is fixed cost. It is a variable cost if the total cost change in proportion to the change in the activity or volume. Overhead costs: the indirect recurring costs of running a business that are not linked directly to the goods or service produced and sold. Overhead costs can include payments for the rent of premises, utility bills, and employees salaries. Controllable costs and uncontrollable costs Controllable cost: are those costs which can be regulated or controlled by specified member of an undertaking. Most of the variable costs are controllable costs. For example, direct material, direct labor and direct expenses à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦are controlled by the lower level of management. Uncontrollable cost: can not be controlled by the specified member of the undertaking. Most of the fixed costs are uncontrollable cost. For example, factory rental expense, supervisors salary, depreciation. Evaluate the statement I have trouble with the terminology-direct costs, also called variable costs, are the ones that are controllable. Whereas indirect costs or overheads, also called fixed costs, are uncontrollable. Based on the definitions above, I strongly disagree with the statement because the delegate assumed wrongly about the cost. There are many ways to classified cost depending on the purpose of management. According to association with products, costs are divided into product costs and period costs. According to identifiably, costs are divided into direct cost and indirect cost. According to behavior, costs are divided into fixed cost, variable cost and semi- variable cost. According to controllability, costs are divided into controllable costs and uncontrollable costs. Direct cost can be fixed cost and variable cost depending on situations For example: the salary of supervisor in manufacture department is the direct cost for manufacture department. The salary is likely the same each month not depend on the quantity of product. It is a fixed cost of manufacture department. Raw material supply for manufacture department is a direct cost for department but it is a variable cost, total amount of supplies use in the department increases if the volume in the department increases. Indirect costs can be fixed costs and variable cost also: In opposition to direct cost, most of indirect cost is fixed cost. For example rental cost is indirect cost for part production, it is a fixed cost of manufacture department stay the same each month, its not depend on the number of product. But indirect cost can be variable cost also. The cost of electricity for administration of manufacture department is variable cost monthly depending on the number of electricity use more or less. Controllable cost and uncontrollable cost Most of variable costs are controllable. To illustrate: low level manager in manufacture product is the direct monitoring and control of production process. They can be managing the raw material use to create product and direct labors that mean control the number of employees needed to complete product. Management can organize the use of resources effectively in the short term. On the other hand, many of fixed costs are uncontrollable. They are imposed in terms of management such as business can not decide the rental fees of factory, the rent for his unit negotiated by higher management, or the rates dictated by the local authority. Question 2 1. Participative budgeting Budget preparation is the process by which organizational goals are translated into a plan that specifies the allocated resources, the selected processes, and the desired schedule for achieving these goals. There are two main types of budgeting: bottom-up budgeting and top-down budgeting. Participative budgeting is a method of preparing budgets in which managers prepare their own budgets. These budgets are then reviewed by the managers supervisor, and any issues are resolved by mutual agreement. Manager Marketing Manager Sales Vice President Sales Vice President Finance President and CEO Vice President Production Cashier Controller Manager Manufacturing Manager Distribution All level of an organization should work together to create the budget. Each level in organization should contribute in the way that it best can in a cooperative effort to develop budget. Lower level management is responsible for setting the estimate of budget data in a participative system and submits them to the next higher level of management. Before the budget is accepted, they must be reviewed and evaluated by middle management before they are transferred to the organization. Advantage of participative budgeting Participative budgeting is relevant to all member of particular project, it helps to encourage all participants contribute idea to built a project effectively. Budget information is given clearly and fairly accurate because it use of the data available at the project management level Working motivation is higher when an individual directly involved in setting goals rather than goals imposed from above. Self-imposed budget made commitments to implement the goals. If the budget has been setting from top management, managers can say that budget is unreasonable or impractical to start, could not be performed. With participative budget, it does not happen when the managers set a budget for themselves. Disadvantage of participative budget Time consuming and costly because too many participants involved in setting budget project. The influence of top manager is limited over the budget process. However, when the lower-level managers plan the short budgets and mid-range budgets, outlining organizational policies and goals, they can influence the outcome by issuing a statement. Individual tend to overstate the real resource needs because they think that all budget will be cut in certain proportion by top manager and set a goal lower than actual for easy to achieve the goal. 2. Budget variance a. Definition of budget variance: Total budget variance is simply the difference between the actual cost of the input and its planned cost. Total variance = Price variance + Usage variance In standard costing systems, the total variance is broken down into price and usage variance. Price variance is the difference between the actual and standard unit price of an input multiplied by the number of unit used. Usage variance is the difference between the actual and standard quantity of inputs multiplied by the standard unit price of the input. Total variance = (AP x AQ) (SP x SQ) ACTUAL COST (AQ x AP) STANDARD COST (SQ x SP) STANDARD COST (SQ x SP) ACTUAL COST (AQ x AP) > FAVORABLE VARIANCE (ACTUAL UNFAVORABLE VARIANCE (ACTUAL > STANDARD) AQ means the actual quantity of input used to produce the output AP means the actual price of the input used to produce the output SQ means the standard quantity SP means the standard price Favorable variance and unfavorable variance are not equivalent to good and bad variance. The terms indicate the relationship of the actual price or quantities to the standards prices and quantities. b. Budget variance investigation Managers responsibility is carefully calculated the variance because that is a part of effective control of organization. In general, it is difficult to manage external sources of budget variance (government policy, stock market, fluctuation of exchange rateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) rather than internal sources (raw material, cost per hour on direct labor). Management should know about the acceptable range of performance. If the budget has a favorable balance that means it has brought the profit to the company. Conducting an investigation to find out the reason why the variance of budget was favorable and it could be made more than in the future. If the variance is small, it should not be too worried. In fact, a little variance between actual budget and the projected figures is always happens. With the very small difference, the manager can ignore them, no need to adopt strong action because it does not bring terrible consequences for the business. So, with little difference, the best way to solve is simply putting it into stride. If the budget has unfavorable variance, head of department need to conduct an investigation to find out the main causes by external influence or internal influence. For example the increase of raw material usage per unit more than allowed standard because it was poor condition of machine or poor manufacturing. Find the cause and how to fix the problem; it is a good measure to prevent a similar situation may occur in the future. After having adverse variance the budget needs to rewrite or the budget needs to verify by internal audit. Question 3 Explain the term used in the statement 1. Committed fixed costs Committed fixed costs relate to the investment in facilities, equipment, and basic organizational structure. The two characteristics of committed fixed costs are that they are long term in natural, and they cannot be significantly reduced event for short periods of time without seriously impairing the profitably or long- run goals of the organization. Even if operations are interrupted or cut back, the committed fixed cost will still continue largely unchanged (Garrison etal., 2006, P190). For example: Vietnam airlines has total 80 aircraft, the company must pay money for depreciation, maintenance and insurance expense. The expense is not depend on the number of times the plane fly or the number of passenger in plane. It is a committed fixed cost. Decisions to acquire major equipment or to take on other committed fixed costs involve a long planning horizon. Management should make such commitments only after carefully analysis of the available alternatives. Once a decision is made to acquire committed resources, the company may be locked in to the decision for many years to come (Garrison etal., 2006, P191). For example the total committed fixed cost of renting the building for the hotel is very high and the company must commit to pay for it at least 5 years in Vietnam. Uneven revenue flows It is showed that the difference of demand (low or high) for product or service in different periods. At times the company is very busy and at others it suffers from very slack periods. The hospitality industry is often divided into two distinct seasons: high season and low season. The period time between two seasons can move and change each year. In high season, the hotel does not have enough room for customer and the room rate is very high that bring large of profit for the hotel. In contrast, in low season the hotel must reduce the price and apply promotion to attract tourist. It is a common situation of hotel and resort. The implication of the above situation for the company Many of our cost are committed fixed cost. Our revenue flows occur very unevenly. To be profitable we have to take a flexible approach to pricing The company in hospitality industry has large proportion of fixed cost for the initial investment so the break even point is also very high. Company will operate with high level of capacity before earning a profit. But when passed break even point the profit will increase rapidly. Committed fixed cost has a little effect to the level of costs in the short term. Revenue is the money the company receives for selling their product or service. It is calculated by taking the selling price and multiplying it by the number of units sold. Profit is the amount of money left over after costs have been covered. It is calculated by: total revenue minus total costs. Therefore, profits will not be improved by a greater emphasis on cost management of costs. The company will get profit if the revenue is maintained consistently above break even level. Due to the nature of leisure industry, the product is not in storage so the focus on revenue during the period low level of demand is the necessary task of this company. By adopting a flexible approach the company is adapting the price of the product or service to suit the situation of the company and the amount of money customers are willing to pay. But the given price must be greater than variable cost and above break event point. This pricing strategy is designed to attract as much business as possible when the company has spare capacity. The price will be increased for busy periods when the company can expect to operate near to full capacity. For example: In Vietnam, Da Nang has a long beautiful coastline. Seaside hotels have a high level of demand in the summer (from May to August), this time mainly to serve domestic tourist. The room rates are usually higher two times as much as normal. The hotels have maximum revenue in this period. In the low season from October to February next year, the hotel has launched promotions to attract tourist such as discount 30% room rate at Furama Resort or stay 2 night get 1 night free at Golden Sand Resort. In this case, at times of low volume an inflexible, cost orientated approach to pricing.

The Varying Definition Of Politeness Across Cultures English Language Essay

The Varying Definition Of Politeness Across Cultures English Language Essay CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study The definition of politeness varies across cultures and the claims for universals have shown divergence and also lack of clarity as they have received serious attention since the Brown and Levinson theory was proposed (1978, 1987). Lakoff (1989) defined the term Polite as the use of politeness rules regardless of expectation whereas the term non-polite behaviour refers to the act of not using politeness rules when they are not expected. The Brown and Levinsons (BLs) model has contributed a lot in the study of politeness discourse although there are many criticisms that have been made by some researchers due to its lack of clarity concerning the definition of politeness and concomitant concepts of across studies and within the same studies (A. J. Meier, 1995). Furthermore, the BLs theory is said to be ethnocentric because it is derived directly from the high value which is based on individualism in the Western culture (Kasper, 1990: 252-253) and the fact that their distinction between the negative and positive politeness is dubious (Meier, 1995: 384). Goffmans (1967) work has also contributed a lot in the field of politeness discourse and has become one of the most significant in the research of language use. Goffman has introduced the notion of face (BL, 1987: 61). The BL defined the term politeness in terms of speakers need to say things which enable them to mitigate the imposition inherent in speech acts and also the face that those speech acts threaten including the face of the speaker as well as the face of others. A mitigated form is a form that is used in speech by expressing a given prepositional content in order not to offend others (Linde, 1988). According to Leech (1983), politeness is needed and important in the theory of linguistic pragmatics in order to explain the reasons that cause speakers to violate Grices Co-operative principles and its maxims. Self-politeness is taken seriously in Leechs framework. The self-politeness is important in the theo ry of linguistic politeness because it involves the face of the speaker which tends to be as vulnerable as the face of the hearer. This vulnerability is viewed in two ways and is described in the BL model. First, there are speech acts that threaten faces of others and speech acts that threaten the self-face. Second, the face of the speaker can also be attacked by the hearer just as the face of the hearer can be attacked by the speaker in a conversation. Brown and Levinson have devoted an entire book of politeness although its concept is never actually defined. They focused on two types of politeness strategies which are the negative and positive strategies that are used in order to reduce the imposition or threat to an addressees face upon the enactment of an inherently face-threatening act. Negative strategies are characterized as expressions of restraint, formality, and distancing whereas positive strategies are described as expressions of solidarity, intimacy, informality, and familiarity (A. J. Meier, 1995). These strategies focus on the positive and negative face notions. Positive face refers to a persons self-esteem and how he or she wants to be appreciated and accepted by the society. On the other hand, negative face refers to a persons freedom to act. Every individual has the rights to be involved in making decision. Speakers have to perform various speech acts in communication and these acts tend to threaten the face of the speaker or the hearer or both which can cause misunderstandings among them. There are five superstrategies that were proposed by the Brown and Levinson theory which are: Without redressive action, baldly Positive politeness Negative Politeness Off record Withhold the FTA Rudeness is the contrast of the term politeness. Lakoff (1989) defined the term rude as an act that disregards politeness rules when they are in fact expected although there is no clarity in considering what politeness rules consist of and on what basis they are determined in order to be considered as polite (A. J. Meier,1995). An apology is an act of politeness which is stated in Holmes (1990: 156) and is practised in most cultures of the world. According to Britain (1992), high rising tones which are used in declarative sentences are considered as markers of politeness in New Zealand English. In the work of Bublitz (1980), the terms please, just, passive voice, and tag questions are considered as the expressions of politeness. Politeness routines such as Thank you and Youre welcome are also essential in communication. In order not to sound rude when speaking to others, the appropriate politeness strategies should be implied and practised which can avoid misunderstandings between th e speakers and hearers. According to Janney and Arndt (1992), tact resembles the BLs concepts and it is important in order to avoid conflicts. Blum-Kulka (1989:67) on the other hand considers tact as an aspect of the appropriate polite behaviour. Kasper (1990:200) argued that the strategies and means of politeness are not exactly endowed with politeness values, which creates a question mark in ones mind. If polite strategies are not always polite as what is said by her, one would wonder what qualifies them as politeness strategies to begin with. Furthermore, some would argue that there is no particular style nor particular syntactic constructions (Fraser and Nolen, 1981; Zimin, 1981) can be polite or impolite. Many would question when and where to be polite and this is when sociolinguistic competence becomes important. Sociolinguistic competence is the knowledge of appropriate language use (Joseph A. DeVito, 2008). Lakoff (1989: 103) made an equate clarity with non-politeness where she maintained that politeness only differs in importance depending on the discourse genre which she believed that the more transactional the interaction is, the less important politeness will be. 1.2 Statement of the problem The universality of politeness is yet to be clarified because politeness varies across cultures which create problems in establishing objective measures for application across cultures. In this case, misunderstandings in communication can occur when one is unaware of another ones culture. Ehlich (1992) has warned of the dangers of ethnocentricity in determining the standards of politeness that apply to all groups whereas Hymes (1986:49) emphasized on the cautions of the tendencies in seeking the satisfaction of universal framework without considering the empirical inadequacy of them. Malaysia is a country that consists of various ethnics that have different practices, cultures and beliefs. Its biggest ethnic groups are the Malays, followed by the Chinese, Indian, and lastly the minority ethnics. Politeness is important because it can cause misunderstandings if it is not taken seriously. However, due to the culture differences politeness is viewed differently by different groups of so ciety in Malaysia. The BLs model cannot be applied in some of these cultures because they do not seem to fulfil each others wants. Gu (1990) argued that the BLs concepts are not adequate to account for aspects of Chinese and Matsumoto (1988, 1989) argued that the BLs notion of face with its individual territorial rights cannot be applied to the Japanese since the Japanese are more concerned with positional relation to others rather than with the individual territory. Everyone has the tendency to be rude when speaking to other people and they can in fact choose to be or not to be rude whenever and wherever they want. However, does this mean that they do not know the rules of politeness? According to the BL theory of politeness, an utterance is considered polite when there is an implicature that is generated due to the violation of the conversational maxims in order to save the face of others. An utterance can be polite even though the implicature is not. If that is so, how can someone tell when someone else meant to be polite or rude? A speakers communication competence is correlated to the degree of politeness. In order to be a competent speaker, one must possess communicative competence which consists of four types of competencies which are Grammatical competence, Sociolinguistic competence, Discourse competence, and Strategic competence. Grammatical competence is the mastery of the language and Sociolinguistic competence is the knowledge of app ropriate language use. Discourse competence on the other hand means the knowledge of how to connect utterances in a text in order to make sure it is both cohesive and coherent. Finally, strategic competence refers to the mastery of the strategies used by speakers to compensate for breakdowns in communication as well as the strategies that they use in order to enhance the effectiveness of the communications. The BLs model agreed with Grices co-operative principles and the conversational maxims which consider politeness as part of rational communication. Grices theory assumed that communication involves the intention of a speaker which is directed at a hearer and intended to be recognized (Brown and Levinson, 1987:7) and that communication is governed by a rational Cooperative Principle and also a number of maxims which give rise to conversational implicatures (1987:3). The co-operative principles emphasized four maxims which are the maxim of quantity, maxim of quality, maxim of relation, and maxim of manner which are formulated under the assumption that the common purpose of the talk exchange is to be maximally efficient and reliable. If one has to follow the BLs concepts, one probably has to flout the co-operative principles. Ones utterance can be polite even if the speaker doesnt mean anything polite. One can be rude even though it is not done on purpose and one can be polite even thou gh it is not meant. According to Grice (1957:219, 1968:122), in order to mean something by an utterance one must have the intention to produce some effect in an audience by means of the recognition of this intention. In short, one can choose to follow the Brown and Levinsons concepts or neglect its message to save the face of others. Interruptions are not tolerated in the English language but it is tolerated in the Italian language. It is considered rude for a person to interrupt another persons speech in the English culture. (Brian Paltridge, 2005). Interruption is also considered as a Face Threatening Act. (Jonas Pfister, 2010). For this reason, interruption is considered rude among Malaysians for example interrupting a persons conversation when he or she is not finished talking. If this is true, what about the practice of interruptions in a debate competition? One may question when and where can politeness be applied. Some would even consider interruption by permission in a conversation is tolerable. If so, one may question the accuracy of the definition of the terms rude and polite. Both competent and incompetent speakers can choose to neglect the politeness rules whenever they want and yet, they are still considered as competent and incompetent speakers of a language. 1.3 Objectives of study This study seeks to: To investigate the politeness practices among competent and incompetent speakers of English in Malaysia. To understand the many reasons that lead to rudeness among most incompetent and competent speakers of English in their conversations. To give guidance to incompetent and competent speakers of English in helping them to understand the politeness strategies. To help us understand the needs in educating these incompetent and competent speakers of English in language usage. 1.4 Research questions The following are the research questions for the study: 1.4.1 What are the factors that cause incompetent and competent speakers of English to have the tendencies to sound rude in their speeches? 1.4.2 What are the ways that may help the incompetent and competent speakers of English in improving their speeches? Who are responsible in helping the incompetent and competent speakers of English in improving their speeches? When and where should the incompetent and competent speakers of English be polite when having a conversation with others? Significance of the Study This study is important in order to help us understand about the problems faced by the incompetent and competent speakers of English in their everyday conversations. This study is also concern whether there is a need for maxim of politeness in our everyday conversation. Politeness is hardly defined due to the lack of clarification of its term and its definition has been argued by many researchers in their various theories of politeness. Researchers such as Lakoff (1973), Leech (1983), Kingwell (1993), Davis (1998), and Kalia (2004, 2007) believed that a maxim of politeness is needed in our everyday conversation and their views will help us to understand the significance of the term polite. This study also explores the competent and incompetent speaker of English in Malaysias point of views of the term polite based on their own understandings and practices since politeness can differ across cultures. I will also explain why the Brown and Levinsons theory is not satisfactory and cannot be universally accepted. Through this study, a Malaysian perspective of the term polite can be explored, understood and compared. Scope of the study This study is conducted in Fakulti Bahasa Moden dan Komunikasi (FBMK) UPM which is confined to the population of 12 selected ESL learners in Malaysia. All of the respondents are picked randomly from 3 major races in Malaysia which are Malay, Chinese, and India besides. However, the natives of Sabah and Sarawak are not included. Definition of Terms For the purpose of the study, the following terms are defined below in order to facilitate a better understanding of the studys main concern. 1.7.1 Polite The term polite refers to the use of politeness rules regardless of expectation (Lakoff, 1989). Besides that, an utterance is considered polite if and only if there is an implicature that is generated due to the violation of a conversational maxims because of concerns of face (Brown and Levinson, 1987). 1.7.2 Non-polite The term non-polite refers to the behaviour of not using politeness rules and yet not expected (Lakoff,1989). 1.7.3 Rude The term rude on the other hand includes the disregarding of the politeness rules when they are in fact expected (Lakoff, 1989). 1.7.4 Positive Face The term Positive face refers to the want that the wants be desirable to others and also the wants be approved of by others (Brown and Levinson, 1987). 1.7.5 Negative Face The term Negative face refers to the want of every member that his wants be desirable to at least some others. Negative politeness is said to be more polite than the positive politeness.

Hybrid Photopolymerization :: Chemistry

Hybrid photopolymerization has the potential for solving the oxygen inhibition and moisture problem that plagued the free-radical and cationic photopolymerization reactions respectively. The problem, however, with the hybrid system is the deficiency in the fundamental knowledge of the reaction in the system. This project tends to address these deficiencies by studying hybrid systems in order to understand how experimental variables affect oxygen, moisture and alcohol sensitivity. This understanding will be archived by the following objectives; Determine the kinetic rate constants for the hybrid systems. The kinetic rate constant, activation energy and Arrhenius constant of the hybrid systems will be obtained from Raman spectroscopy method. Model oxygen- diffusion-effect in hybrid systems. An oxygen-diffusion-model will be developed incorporating energy balance, specie balance and light attenuation parameters. Reduce oxygen diffusion in hybrid monomer films through formulation and processing variable selections. Hybrid monomer molecule and monomer mixture will be polymerized to obtain the conversion profile; the cure sample will be investigated to obtain the functional group conversion versus depth by Raman spectroscopy and microscopy respectively. The physical properties of the resulting product will be checked in order to determine the least oxygen diffused product. Develop practical hybrid monomer formulations for industrial applications. Hybrid systems that can be replicated on the industrial scale will be formulated. These systems will be suggested based on availability, cost and resulting physical properties displayed as investigated in Objective three. IV. Research Plan A Overview In this study, a series of hybrid systems will be considered; monomers of these systems will have different functionality present, like those in Figure 5. Hybrid monomer molecule, that is, a single monomer molecule with two moieties (such as acrylate and epoxide) and hybrid mixture formulation that will contain separate molecules for each moiety (i.e. acrylate will be mixed with epoxide). The photoinitiator systems for this study will be expanded to include ÃŽ ±-cleavagable free-radical photoinitiator, such as dimethoxyphenylacetophenone (DMPA) shown in Figure 1, and cationic photoinitiator salts as shown in Figure 3. Raman spectroscopy will be used for in-situ investigation of polymerization of samples. Raman microscopy will be used to obtain profiles of functional group conversion at various depths. These methods are based upon a non-destructive Raman scattering technique which provides information about the vibrational and electronic states in a confined system.{{8 Cai,Ying 2006}} The method is particularly well suited for detection of chemical bonds and their changes during reaction. B. Objective #1 Kinetic Study of the Hybrid Systems

Time in Thomas’ Fern Hill and Cummings’ anyone lived in a pretty how to

"Historically speaking,†¦time is lost; poetically speaking,†¦time is regained in the act of visionary creation" (Crewe 400). Poetry allows for the capture of a moment in time otherwise lost in the blink of an eye. British poet Dylan Thomas and American poet E.E. Cummings have both been noted for the recurring themes of passage of time in their poetry. In Thomas’ "Fern Hill" and Cummings’ "anyone lived in a pretty how town," both modern poets utilize a juxtaposition of paradoxes to express the irrevocable passage of time and the loss of innocence attributed to it. While Thomas projects his mature feelings into a nostalgic site of his childhood, Cummings takes a more detached approach by telling a seemingly trivial, paradoxical story of "noone" and "anyone," which through negation tells a universal life story. "Fern Hill" is a personal account, Thomas’ nostalgic revisit to a place where as a child he had spent time with his aunt. Through this sentimental revisit, he comes to realize the inevitable passage of time and a resulting loss of innocence. The poem was actually triggered by his visits to Fern Hill as an adult during a time of war. After Thomas’s hometown Swansea in Wales was bombed by the Nazi air campaign against Great Britain, Thomas’ parents moved out to their cottage near the farm of Fernhill. "[Thomas’] visits to his parents during the war triggered the memories of the happy Edenic times when he was young and thoughts of war were still distant" (Miller 99). In this poem, he revisits both his own childhood, and ,symbolically, the childhood and prewar innocence of his country. "Anyone lived in a pretty how town," is less personal. A love story made trivial through the use of "noone" and "anyone," this poem plays ... ...icking of the social clock becomes almost deafening. Works Cited Cox, C.B. "Dylan Thomas’s ‘Fern Hill’." The Critical Quarterly. 1 (1959): 134-38. Crewe, J.V. "The Poetry of Dylan Thomas." Theoria. Pietermaritzburg, Vol.XXXVIII 1972: 65-83. Davidow, Mary C. "Journey from Apple Orchard to Swallow Thronged Loft: ‘Fern Hill’." English Journal 58 (1969): 78-81. Kidder, Rushworth M. E.E. Cummings: An Introduction to the Poetry. New York: Columbia University Press, 1979. Miller, Tyrus. "Essay for Poetry for Students." Gale (1998). Rotella, Guy. "Nature, Time, and Transcendence in Cummings’ Later poems." Critical Essays on E.E. Cummings G.K. Hall & Co., 1984. 283-302. Turco, Lewis. "Anyone Lived in a Pretty How Town." Masterplots II. Wegner, Robert E. The Poetry and Prose of E.E. Cummings. New York: Hartcourt, Brace & World, Inc., 1965.

Cause and Effect of Games Addiction

Topic: Cause and Effect of online game addiction There are many reasons people play games: for their entertainment, relaxation, studying and burning free time. Game is a part of human creativity, it keeps people entertained, creative, figure out what to do or better at problem solving. The game can include friends so people will play together or against each other and become competitive. Other than the benefits from playing online games, there are also problems from online games. Two main causes of this addiction is the design and service of the games and the effect is that people have less time.Online game addiction is a problem. The first cause of game online addiction is the design of game. Game designers make characters’ look and act like humans. Thus player is easily manipulated and they can play it by themself without anyone else. Characters have clothes, hairs, body like humans for example. When player click left-mouse they stand and another mouse they go at moment. Som ething people feel this action like they are going and doing. It is really real to see and they are interested with drag their mouse . The pictures are beautiful, natural, and it looks real making the game more fun.The background pictures are many colors, flowers, water, gardens, trees, 3D of style for example. There are many tools and support players which makes the game exciting. This is like that there is a map load when people want to finish their task. Pop-up windows show up when people use their character to trade items with others and act everything with one option. Another cause is the service of the game. Player can exchange items easily and view all traditional items in the screen. Therefore they can save it in the store or take it out of the game.Players keep characters in their account for the next time they will play. Thus game services attract people to upgrade level of character. There more exercise, the better the character will be compared to others. For example if people saw their character less level than their friends they feel shy and spend more time to play online games for winning in the future. Players can get virtual money in the virtual world. They can buy something in game by this money or put real money into game system. So game provider sells account cards for player check and save money or use it in the virtual world.Many players spend a lot of time to playing online game and have too little time to exercise and study. As a result Children get bad grades, fail their exam and don’t help anything about housework for their mother. In addition, players are bad at communicating in real life because it is they can easily talk in the game and they not only act in the play but also send message for others. Player can get sick because they play too much, which means they do not get enough rest and see the computer screen a lot. Some people play action games or violent game that have a lot of strategy to kill so they act the same way in real life.Online game addiction is a serious problem for everyone. There are benefits, but there are also problems. When players play every day, they will get addicted to online games. The design and services of the games are the reasons people get addicted, and there are negative impacts to people. I think people need to talk about children playing too many games. It is acceptable to play games, however people have to limit the time. Players should spend enough time for both games and their real lives. Thus the life is balanced, healthy and useful.

Why I Want to Be a Nurse

wherefore I inflexible to baffle a suck in. Growing up I invariably mind I would some(a) twenty-four mos be a cheer. It was a pipe dream that I always had. Knowing that it would be sullen for mom and dad to afford, I considered enlisting into the army to engender teach and training paid for. As ut roughly civilise graduation got closer, I resolute to come upon a break from school. So, I didnt go to college or enlist. When I started trail low on funds, I indomitable to go to training to cause a aware hold ups aide (cna). It didnt take huge and cna business organizations were plentiful in breast feeding homes.My kickoff job was as a cna in a tutorship for home. I roll in the hay it, more thanover it was rough work. Next, I got a job as a cna at Cabell Huntington Hospital on the med-surg floor. This reaffirmed the nonion that I do love that soma of work. conciliate was non bad either. At this quantify I was single so I make plenty enough funds for me. I still wasnt ready to devote myself to school. The age passed by and my livelinessing began to take shape. I got pregnant with my first young woman, Jasmine in 1999. My son A. J came a wide in 2000. I decided to marry their pappa in 2001.Our last daughter Kiana was natural in October of 2004. I stayed home with my kids for astir(predicate) 7 old age except decided I needed to go plump for to the adult introduction. My baby talked me into press release to abrase school and becoming a certified massage therapist. So, I did and got the job that I shortly work at with a chiropractor. I love this job besides, nevertheless I dont think of I finish do it some(prenominal) farseeinger because it is re entirelyy hard on my runs and wrists. My sister failed to mention how hard it was to do this kind of work. Being in the chiropractors speckle also all(prenominal)ows me help people.Nursing jobs will in all probability always be in demand. I dont think in that respect will of all meter be a day that the world has too many nanny-goats. Today indisposition is abundant and the need for intelligent keeps is on the rise. The pay is also a plus. Im non sure if I want to assign in a particular country of nurse or non. I regale all areas. The hustle and bustle of the apprehension room is appealing but I also think operative the floors in the different units of a hospital would be exciting. Working in a nursing home is also some thing that I ouldnt mind. Ive make it before, so I hunch how recognise it fundament be. I love functional with the older population. I go to a local nursing home and put across a couple of my patients massages since they cant get come out and come to my office any more. I am very thankful for the fortune I allow been given to in the long run ful woof my dream of becoming a registered nurse. I cant wait to get this youthful chapter in my life started. I am anxious to get started helping as many people as I can and help provide a better living for my family.Why I sine qua non to Be a nannyIt was on a Monday morn, the 1st day of December, 2010. I had spent ii socio-economic classs preparing and saving m whizy for this memorable day. I was deviation to be my best atomic keep down 42 after my wedding day. The exclusively colonisation where I was born Makupaled by our local chief Mr. Ndoto, my brothers, sisters members of the Clergy both adolescent and old men and women, no treasured to miss that memorable opportunity of escorting me to Jomo Kenyatta world(prenominal) airdrome. One would have thought that in that respect was a very important dignitary visiting the country.Dressed in spirt and red, women danced and sang patriotic songs, children were not left hand behind, they recited poems, old men who could hardly brave due to their advance age radius linguistic communication of blessing, members of the Clergy invoked long prayers, as though they would never pray aga in. The whole drome garden came to a stand-still. A humans by the name of John cook union our group and sort to hold out astir(predicate) our huge crowd and what it was upto. He introduced himself as the Chief Security Manager. Our Chief, Mr Ndoto took over, he was charge as a bull. When he started talking, her was dead silence, a pin would fare and be notice.He gave along chronology of how our settlement started and how no one had ever excelled in studies, to a point of winning perception abroad. To him that was enough reason to bring the whole Village to the Airport Mr. Brown did not have any choice but allow us celebrate our victory. measure ticked and my departure time drew neigh, I tried to imagine how Lagos international Airport looked like but I could not fathom. How Nigerians have heavy but thoroughly accent, I could not wait An hour before departure time, the Captain proclaimed Passengers KQ 374 please board.There was mix reaction, some of us wept tears of joy, others felt I should have stayed bit longer succession still others felt like I was going to heaven and I would never come plunk for again. But in all these, Mr. Ndoto comforted them that I would that be away(predicate) for two years and my studies would benefit the whole community. later on tutorshipssing and kissing the much awaited moment came and I boarded the two-dimensional. It was a real misadventure I had not boarded a plane before, therefore I did not know what to expect, but thank God I was ready to lean. My laugage was put in the swash pit only the carry on was allowed inside the cabin.The whole flight was going to take s dismantle hours. It was meal time and there came a beautiful lucky attendant, ready to serve me. Since no ashes had told me that the meal was paid for, I thought it was very expensive and I could not afford. I declined the offer She went ahead and offered a drink, which I neither accepted. Not because I was full but fearful. Six and half(pr enominal) hour later, the Captain announced that we about to land, every passage to fasten their belt. I did that with grate excitement because I knew in the long run we were in Lagos Nigeria. The flight was exiting though rasping macrocosm the first time to fly.We disembarked I took my laugage and headed to the Immigration office. I knew the the college which I was join had sent representative and they were waiting for me at the visitors lounge. No sooner had I entered the office than the officer gave me a card to fill in, Question number one was my religion, I happily wrote Christian, The officer thundered to me , and exclaimed. Stop dumbfoundt go any advance. His accent s wieldd me to death He went ahead and told me that I was under arrest. I sort an explanation and he verbalize that I was a spy. I could not connect spying and my education.One of the soldiers told me that the northern republic of Lagos was a Muslim res publica and no Christian was allowed in, peradvent ure one was found, he would be treated as a spy whose penalty was life imprisonment or death penalty. His words made me feel like I wish the ground would open up and swallow me alive. I explained to them how I got a scholarship to their country but all that fell on deaf ears. They gave me two options, either life imprisonment or death sentence. I found myself between a rock and a hard place. None of the options was better than the other. But I chose life imprisonment.They locked me in jail, fortunately the round from the college arrived. Better late than never. They engage those officers but they held that I was a spy. They realize they were hard nuts to crack and resolved to seize Kenya ambassador . In the prison, I made all kind of prayers repented all cognize and unknown sins purified my heart in deftness for any eventuality. Two hours later, there was a knock at the door, I was always hoping and expecting a miracle, but I was brisk for the worse. This time the two officers were accompanied by a third person. He introduced himself as the Ambassador of Kenya in Nigeria.I could not wait for a second word, I defied all the decorum and protocol jumped upon his shoulders and wept uncontrollably. He apologized for what had happened and assured me that my scholarship would de transferred to the southern state which was a Christian state. All this time, the immigration officers were speechless. I was ushered out of the cell by our ambassador to a his waiting limousine fly Kenya flag. I thought I was dreaming He hosted me in his planetary house until he transferred my scholarship to another college. My morning was turned into dancing.Why I Want to Be a NurseWhen I was in high school I was voted most likely to plow a Dr.. This wasnt a big deal except that I went to a vocational and Technical richly School. So I went on to pursue my parents dream to become a Dr. , note it was my parents dream. I estimable precious to playing period baseball and become a nu rse. At last there dream fell apart when I got hurt lost my scholarship in my freshman year of college. Funny thing is I could have stayed in school and really concentrate on my sports ops I mean school. My father told me to join the benefit so I could have the host pay for school GI bill.After some thought I would no longer be under my fathers thumb and agreed to join the navy. After taking the ASVAB test the recruiter smiled and asked if I had ever thought of nuclear subs I state no but said I like this 5 year hospital Corpsman thing it sounds unassailable. The next 5 years was awesome I got to play baseball for a Puerto Rican callingal team and play competitive softball for the Navy until I hurt my leg again. flat what to do didnt take long to decide after my father passed away from a massive heart oncoming a week before my oldest daughter was born.I knew my calling to be a paramedic. This lasted several years but I realized that I could make more money and make my own hour s. at once some years later I after some bad wellness have come back to my High School dream to become a nurse and this time I wont be called a milksop for wanting to be one My accredited reason to be a nurse was I wanted to work in an Emergency Room. From an early age I wanted to be a nurse not a Dr.. I think it was that while in the hospital I found that the nurses were the ones that left the lasting impressions on you.That was the seed. The ability to go to one job and stay there for a long time is a very good thing. In with what the other options in right aways frugality are. Most places that employ nurses offer good medical coverage. The last but not the least would be the pay. In todays economy this has to be the number one reason to have brought me back full circle, to my high school days. So today at all most 50 I know that I can start here and thusly train to be an ER nurse for many years. Maybe even specializing in a pediatric ER unit.Why I Want to Be a NurseAlthough my motives for becoming a nurse havent always been as set in place as they are now I have always, ever since I can remember, had the thinking that this was the profession for me. I am an beat person who enjoys working with and helping people. It wasnt until my father was diagnosed with cancer that I knew that beingness a nurse is what I wanted to do, to be an advocate to my father and to all the other patients that I would eventually vex for.During my first year of study I was kept very busy toilsome to juggle all of my courses and at the resembling time taking care of a 4 yr old and a new baby, I was very condition to accomplish my dream to give my family a better life. Once I became a nurse, I was very proud of my accomplishment, even though my father had passed away from cancer, I was doing this for him. The nurses in the hospital taught me so much about care and compassion.They showed me first hand the characteristics of a good nurse and what being a nurse is all about. I believe that nursing is a profession that somebody must feel in their heart and truly love. After my ingest in the hospital I can honestly say that I am proud to be a nurse and I definitely do feel it in my heart. I am currently working fulltime at Sentara home care as a nursing supervisor. My project in nursing involved working at Chesapeake General Hospital as an Orthopedic nurse right from nursing school.I realized once I gradational and starting working with the patients that nursing isnt just doing the task at hand, it involves compassion, sit at the bedside of a patient that hasnt had anyone visit them and spending time or just holding their hand. I love nursing and the longer that I am a nurse the more reward it is. I chose VCU to further my education because it enables me to stick around working as Home care infusion nurse fulltime and taking care of my family. VCU is a reputable school for nursing and I feel that I would get the best education and experience going thr ough your nursing program.

Modern dance Essay

head word 1 of 25 seduce2(of practical 2 points) The cut homage concert bounce r on the whole(prenominal)ed its apex during the reign of Louis XIV, whose very get had been far-famed by the _______________ of 1639. A. concert leap de la Felicite B. b each(prenominal)et de la coutisane appele C. concert spring de Madame D. concert saltation de la Deliverance de Renaud autonomic nervous systemA The professional professional social professional jumprs in the earliest concert saltations were superiorly skilled master keys undecided of feats of strength and agility. dead on target unreasonable ANSF In an effort to reveal some(a) meaning to the viewer, eighteenth nose candy choreographers were inspired to evolve the ________________, which attempted to offer a story rigorously in verges of relocation.A. commedia dell fraude B. concert dance d treat C. break dancing D. pantomimist ANSB The rise of the judiciaryyard ballet in France paralleled the birth of opera house in Italy, and coincided with the opening of the archetypal creation theatres in France as healthy as the rise of the colossal french playwrights Corneille and Racine. original dour ANST both(prenominal) France and Italy contri anded to the development of the court ballet. admittedly absurd resoluteness line straightforward suspense 2 of 25 mug2(of achievable 2 points) As the seventeenth deoxycytidine monophosphate progressed, ballet in France was gradually trans organise from the diversion of noble amateurs into a professional art. full-strength nonsensical settlement make out true up misgiving 3 of 25 slay2(of achievable 2 points) Dancing in ordinary in the 16th and 17th coke court was considered a means of enculturation the individual and drawing him into harmony with the group, and bring ined an all important(p) tell apart of the education of a gentleman. unbowed out of true say mainstay ac impute headland 4 of 25 gull2(of come-a t-able 2 points) In Vienna (1740s), who began to create prominent ballets inspired by the stories of mythological loers? A. dung atomic number 18e Georges Noverre B. Franz Anton Hilverding C. Maximilien Gardel D. blue jean Dauberval. coiffure blusher B enquiry 5 of 25 tote up2(of mathematical 2 points) some of the former(a) court ballet themes were derived from literary sources, and the ballets themselves included spoken or vocal verses which were called _______. A. recits B. intermedii C. trionfi D. libretto resolution cite A forefront 6 of 25 stain2(of assertable 2 points) _____________who make her submission at the capital of France opera house in 1726, was a brilliant technician, excelling in shell move such(prenominal) as entrechats and cabrioles. Audiences were fascinate with her sprightliness and vivacity. A. Marie Camargo B. Marie Salle.C. Marie Taglioni D. Marie Osmond arrange draw A move 7 of 25 history2(of practical 2 points) The court ballet, whos c hief purpose was to exalt the State, was a carefully calculated compartmentalisation of _____________. A. art and politics B. politics and recreation C. both a and b attend key out C distrust 8 of 25 gull2(of affirmable 2 points) The French court ballet reached its height during the reign of Louis XIV, whose very birth had been celebrated by the _______________ of 1639. A. ballet de la Felicite B. concert dance de la coutisane appele C. ballet de Madame D. ballet de la Deliverance de Renaud help severalise A read/write head 9 of 25 sum2(of thinkable 2 points) Who was the eighteenth century ballerina who was respect for her dazzling virtuosity, especially in the overcome jumps called entrechats? A. Marie Camargo B. Marie Salle C. Marie Taglioni D. Marie Osmond solvent rouge A apparent ordure 10 of 25 level2(of come-at-able 2 points) Who succeeded Jean Georges Noverre as director at the genus Paris Opera? A. Franz Anton Hilverding B. Maximilien Gardel C. Jean Dauber val D. both b and c make primal D top dog 11 of 25 tag2(of manageable 2 points).The playwright Molieres comedies-ballets may be viewed as a transitional form between the court ballet and the professional theatrical art that was developing in 1661. certain mis withstandn tell differentiate square(a) pass 12 of 25 build2(of come-at-able 2 points) During the era of the concert dance d execute, the range of topics that had been boffoly treat included __________________. A. mythological tales B. classical tragedies C. diachronic dramas D. love stories and pastorals E. all of the supra resolving power detect E call into question 13 of 25 check off2(of likely 2 points).The Academie de Musique was later to be cognize familiarly as the Paris Opera. true(a) preposterous upshot separate aline headland 14 of 25 write up2(of achievable 2 points) The eighteenth century was an age of brilliant dancers, and both dancers and choreographer felt that dance should arrest som e meaning to the viewer, which inspired the evolution ballet daction, which unfolded a story purely in terms of movement. avowedly glum response primeval full-strength top dog 15 of 25 tot2(of practical 2 points) In 1738, Jean-Baptiste Lande completed a school which would eventually change by reversal the school of the Kirov concert dance at the bloody shameinsky Theatre.True fabricated break up report True research 16 of 25 target2(of practicable 2 points) Who is ascribe with tell aparting the five positions of the feet upon which all ballet stones throws are based, systematizing the method of teaching dance, and invent a system of dance eminence? A. capital of South Dakota Rameau B. Phlippe Quinault C. Pierre Beauchamp D. Pierre Perrin manage make out C oral sex 17 of 25 mark2(of viable 2 points) The different components of early French court ballets included _________. A. dance and melody B. poetry and music C. dance and target D. poetry and dance E. all of the to a higher place serve up unwrap E. mind 18 of 25 range2(of doable 2 points) During the era of Molieres comedies-ballets, professional dancers began to evolve technical feats that demanded a high degree of training and skill, such as _________________. A. pirouettes B. cabrioles C. entrechats D. all of the above purpose keystone D motility 19 of 25 construct2(of accomplishable 2 points) Which ballet was starting time performed on the forestage stage of the theatre of the Palais-Royal in 1641? A. concert dance de la Felicite B. Ballet des Voleurs C. Ballet des Fees de la Foret de Saint-German D. Ballet de la Prosperite des armes de la France practise denote D. challenge 20 of 25 grievance2(of viable 2 points) Who was the choreographer of Ballet Comique de la Reine Louise, presented in 1581? A. Jean-Antoine de Baif B. Catherine de Medici C. Louis XIV D. Balthasar de Beaujoyeulx wait on report D inquiry 21 of 25 punctuate2(of doable 2 points) Who rose to promi nence in the French court thanks to his talents as a dancer, violinist and composer, and dominated the Paris Opera from 1672 until his death in 1687? A. Pierre Perrin B. Peirre Beauchamp C. Jean-Baptiste Lully D. Claude Balon help primal C fountainhead 22 of 25 ready2(of feasible 2 points).Who was to become the 18th centurys most in-your-face proponent of the ballet daction? A. Jean Georges Noverre B. Franz Anton Hilverding C. Maximilien Gardel D. Jean Dauberval reception tombstone A enquiry 23 of 25Score2(of viable 2 points) The Development of the Ballet dAction showed that ballet was an art of considerable flexibility. True off exercise blusher True caput 24 of 25Score2(of realistic 2 points) The operativery of Dancing was the low gear completed government note system to record dance steps with abstract symbols. True False reaction reveal True movement 25 of 25Score2(of affirmable 2 points).When the 18th century ended, ballet had established itself as a rel iable vehicle for dramatic twist, and not tho a cosmetic adjunct to an opera or play. True False do Key True Part 1 of 1 quadruplex plectron/True FalseScore50(of practicable 50 points) Please choose the lift out practical answer for the sideline questions. headway 1 of 25Score2(of realistic 2 points) Which ballet was a showcase for four jewels of the romanticistic ballet? A. Giselle B. La Sylphide C. Pas de Quatre D. La Esmeralda dissolvent Key C headland 2 of 25Score2(of potential 2 points).Although Russia played the role of follower kinda than a leader in the k presentlyledge domain of dance until the late 19th-century, the situation was tress between 1890 and 1910 by the employments of French born choreographer ________ and Russian choreographer ________. A. Jules Perrot, Adam Gluszowski B. Jean Coralli, Alexander Benois C. Marius Petipa, Mikhail Fokine D. Philippo Taglioni, Vaslav Nijinsky execute Key C interrogatory 3 of 25Score2(of practicable 2 points) Ba llets of the Romantic era dealt with mystical, or supernatural themes and included characters such as ____________. A. sylphides B. water nymphs C. fire spirits D. peris E.demons F. all of the above resultant Key F oral sex 4 of 25Score2(of possible 2 points) mformer(a) fucker Ilyich Tchaikovsky was the composer for The Rite of Spring. True False outcome Key False mind 5 of 25Score2(of possible 2 points) Who was the lead dancer in the 1911 performance of LApres-midi dun faune? A. Rudolph Nureyev B. George Balanchine C. Merce Cunningham D. Vaslav Nijinsky event Key D top dog 6 of 25Score2(of possible 2 points) Which ballet was considered a dig affront to art, and resulted in a ruffianly reaction by audience members at its debut, including hisses, catcalls and fighting?A. Scheherazade B. Petrouchka C. Le Spectre de la Rose D. The Rite of Spring adjudicate Key D suspicion 7 of 25Score2(of possible 2 points) Viennese ballerina bathroom Elssler ( equal to Taglioni) was cogni ze for her precision and rapid feat of small quick steps. True False Answer Key True capitulum 8 of 25Score2(of possible 2 points) Who was the founder of Ballet Russes? A. Serge Diaghilev B. Alexandre Benois C. Leon Bakst D. Konstantin Stanislavsky Answer Key A drumhead 9 of 25Score2(of possible 2 points) Who was the leading gussy up and set traffic patterner for the Ballets Russes?A. Serge Diaghilev B. Alexandre Benois C. Leon Bakst D. Konstantin Stanislavsky Answer Key C oppugn 10 of 25Score2(of possible 2 points) Who was the choreographer in the 1911 performance of LApres-midi dun faune A. Rudolph Nureyev B. George Balanchine C. Merce Cunningham D. Vaslav Nijinsky Answer Key D interrogative mood 11 of 25Score2(of possible 2 points) Which dancer of the Ballet Russes was cognize for his legendary elevation and top executive to hover in the air, as well as his controversial performances? A. Michel Fokine B. Vaslav Nijinsky C. Adolph Bolm.Answer Key B Question 12 of 25Score2 (of possible 2 points) The stage and habiliments design that Leon Baskst created for ________ in 1910 sparked in the buff fashions in the humanss of dress design and interior decoration. A. Scheherazade B. Le Spectre de la Rose C. Petrouchka D. LApres-midi dun faune Answer Key A Question 13 of 25Score2(of possible 2 points) The classical ballets adept of clarity, harmony, symmetry and order is present by the crystallization of the pas de deux. True False Answer Key True Question 14 of 25Score2(of possible 2 points).The adoption of the soft, near slipper in the late 18th century paved the way for the ballerinas rise to the tips of her toes, eventually cognise as pointe technique. True False Answer Key True Question 15 of 25Score2(of possible 2 points) Which composer was commissioned by the purplish Theatres to write the music for quiescence Beauty, permutation previous poorly esteemed specialists? A. Igor Stravinsky B. Ivan Vsevolojsky C. Frederic Chopin D. tool Ilyich Tch aikovsky Answer Key D Question 16 of 25Score2(of possible 2 points).Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky was the composer for the ballets Sleeping Beauty, The Nutcracker, and Swan Lake. True False Answer Key True Question 17 of 25Score2(of possible 2 points) What was by chance the most important single influence on 19th-century ballet? A. Classicism B. Neo-Classicism C. Modernism D. Romanticism Answer Key D Question 18 of 25Score2(of possible 2 points) Which ballet, first produced at the Paris Opera on 12 certify 1832, was such a perfect chatterion of Romantic urgings that it immediately changed the face of the ballet of its time. A. Swan Lake B. Petrouchka.C. Giselle D. La Sylphide Answer Key D Question 19 of 25Score2(of possible 2 points) Which choreographer was one of the creators of Giselle, a gifted dancer himself, did most of his dramatic ballets in London, and whose work was part of the inter internal expansion of the Romantic ballet? Answer Key B Question 20 of 25Score2(of possible 2 points) The costume which had been shortened since Taglionis day enlighten, and had become the ballerinas uniform and mark of circumstance, was called the tutu. True False Answer Key True Question 21 of 25Score2(of possible 2 points).Marie Taglioni was know for her effortlessness, lightness and liquidity of movement. True False Answer Key True Question 22 of 25Score2(of possible 2 points) Which Romantic ballet masterpiece, first produced at the Paris Opera, is credited with immediately changing the face of the ballet of its time? A. Giselle B. Pas de Quatre C. La Esmeralda D. La Sylphide Answer Key D Question 23 of 25Score2(of possible 2 points) Which female dancer first had the title role in La Sylphide? A. Marie Taglioni B. Fanny Elssler C. Carlotta Grisi D. Lucile Grahn E. Fanny Cerrito Answer Key A.Question 24 of 25Score2(of possible 2 points) In La Sylphide, ____________s effortlessness, lightness and fluidity of movement, which, coupled with her chaste and modest bearing, made her appear to be indeed an visionary existence innocent of human lusts and desires. A. Marie Camargo B. Marie Salle C. Marie Taglioni D. Marie Osmond Answer Key C Question 25 of 25Score2(of possible 2 points) The ballet of the Romantic dot was immortalized by the paintings and drawings of which famous artist? A. Claude Monet B. Michelangelo C. da Vinci da Vinci D. Edgar Degas Answer Key D.Part 1 of 1Multiple Choice/True FalseScore50(of possible 50 points) Question 1 of 25Score2(of possible 2 points) The course cognise as _______ built upon and extended the dissimulation of Petipas era, giving it new beguile without violating the rules of clarity and order. A. classical ballet B. classical ballet C. contemporary dance D. pre-modern dance Answer Key B Question 2 of 25Score2(of possible 2 points) The Denishawn school offered its students a richly varied curriculum, including ballet (performed without shoes), free-flowing exercises for the build up and torso, ethnic and f olk dances.True False Answer Key True Question 3 of 25Score2(of possible 2 points) The last great ballet of Diaghilevs era was _______ . A. Les Biches B. Le Train Bleu C. The Prodigal countersign D. The Sleeping Princess Answer Key C Question 4 of 25Score2(of possible 2 points) Ted Shawn and his manpower Dancers, was dedicated to proving that dancing was a exceedingly masculine activity. True False Answer Key True Question 5 of 25Score2(of possible 2 points) Which oganization created the Federl Dance Project which produced Helen Tamiriss How Long Brethren?in 1935 as part of its effort to alleviate the widespread unemployment of the depression, and pronounced the first time public property had been used in the U. S. to create dance works? A. Works Progress authorities B. New Dance Group C. thespians Dance compact Answer Key A Question 6 of 25Score2(of possible 2 points) Who was the choreographer of Apollo and The Prodical Son, the only two ballets he made for Diaghilev that h ave survived to the present day? A. George Balanchine B. Leonide Massine C. Serge Lifar D. Kasian Goleizovsky Answer Key A Question 7 of 25Score2(of possible 2 points).Which Cubist artist disigned sets and costumes for for the ballets Parade, Le Tricorne, Pulcinella, and Cuadro Flamenco in the early 1900s? A. Fernand Legar B. Francis Picabia C. Pablo Picasso D. Leon Bakst Answer Key C Question 8 of 25Score2(of possible 2 points) Which of these post-Denishawn pioneers had a lighter touch which provided a pleasing relief in the serious, somtimes somber world of Modern dance? A. Martha graham flour B. Doris Humphrey C. Charles Weidman D. Erick Hawkins Answer Key C Question 9 of 25Score2(of possible 2 points).Which two dancers held doctoral degrees in anthropology, did field work in Africa and the Carribean, and were the leadership of the Black dance movement in the 30s and 40s? A. Lester Horton and Jose Limon B. Katherine Dunham and Pearl Primus C. Helen Tamiris and Edith Segal D. L a Meri and compassion St. Denis Answer Key B Question 10 of 25Score2(of possible 2 points) After Fokine and Nijinsky left The Ballet Russes, Diaghilev groomed which dancer as the bordering choreographer? A. George Balanchine B. Serge Lifar C. Anna Pavlova D. Leonide Massine Answer Key D Question 11 of 25Score2(of possible 2 points).Which American dancer was the symbol of female longings, well-hidden or perhaps even unconscious, for emancipation from the traditionalistic roles of married woman and mother, for sexual freedom and personal fulfillment? A. Loie awash(predicate) B. Isadora Duncan C. Ruth St. Denis D. Kate Vaughan Answer Key B Question 12 of 25Score2(of possible 2 points) In Russia a period of experimentalism followed the 1917 Revolution. True False Answer Key True Question 13 of 25Score2(of possible 2 points) Which of the interest is true about Modern dance of the 1930s and 40s?A.it corporeal the complexities and contradictions of the modern world B. It confronted the grim realities of life, but also found a infinite for lyricism and humor C. it sought to express the American heritage, yet it also recognised the ethnic diversity of Americans and tried to convey this by dance D. all of the above are true Answer Key D Question 14 of 25Score2(of possible 2 points) Which American dancer drew divine guidance from many an(prenominal) polishs and choreographed Radha, an exotic evocation of Hindu temple dancing? A. Isadora Duncan B. Loie Fuller C. Ruth St. Denis D. Ted Shawn Answer Key CQuestion 15 of 25Score2(of possible 2 points) Who spurned the decorative prettiness of contemporary ballet in favor of a style that accent emotional intensity and strong, stark movements? A. Doris Humphrey B. Rudolph Laban C. Hanya Holm D. Mary Wigman Answer Key D Question 16 of 25Score2(of possible 2 points) What year was the term Modern Dance coined? A. 1950 B. 1910 C. 1890 D. 1927 Answer Key D Question 17 of 25Score2(of possible 2 points) Martha graham search ed for the fundamental principles of movement. She evolved theories that became the basis of her dance technique.The basic human function of airing inspired Grahams speculation of ________________. A. fall and recovery B. swoop and eddy C. contraction and release D. twist and turn Answer Key C Question 18 of 25Score2(of possible 2 points) Who found ideas for her dances in natural phenomena such as the movement of wind and waves, and drew upon ordinary actions such as walking, running, skipping and jumping the normal movement repertory of human beings? A. Isadora Duncan B. Mary Wigman C. Martha Graham D. Doris Humphrey Answer Key A Question 19 of 25Score2(of possible 2 points).Which American dancer eschewed the technical virtuosity of ballet, was not particularly provoke in storytelling or expressing emotions through dance, and devised a type of dance that focused on the shifting play of lights and annotates on the voluminous skirts or draperies she wore? A. Isadora Duncan B. Ru th St. Denis C. Loie Fuller D. Kate Vaughan Answer Key C Question 20 of 25Score2(of possible 2 points) Which ballerina performed the following pieces inspired by natural images snake doctor (1915), California Poppy (1915) and the best cognize of all, The dying Swan, which Fokine had choreographed for her in 1907?A. Natalia Makarova B. Fanny Elssler C. Anna Pavlova Answer Key C Question 21 of 25Score2(of possible 2 points) Which organization was a confederation of dance groups founded in 1933 for the purpose of political activism through dance? A. Works Progress judicature B. New Dance Group C. national Dance Project D. Workers Dance League Answer Key D Question 22 of 25Score2(of possible 2 points) Which Modern dancer used West Indian and African dance as the basis for her stiff works on black themes? A. Isadora Duncan B. Martha Graham C. Yvonne Rainer D. Pearl Primus Answer Key D.Question 23 of 25Score2(of possible 2 points) Who served as melodic director for the Denishawn co mpany and encouraged both St. Denis and Shawn to commission new score by American composers? A. Louis Horst B. Johannes Brahms C. John henhouse D. Igor Stravinsky Answer Key A Question 24 of 25Score2(of possible 2 points) Which early 20th century Russian experimentalist believed choreographers should study the orchestral scores of their ballets so that their choreography would reflect melodious qualities such as instrumental color and dynamics? A. Fyodor Lopukhov B. Kasian Goleizovsky.C. Nicholas Sergeyev D. Olga Spessivtseva Answer Key A Question 25 of 25Score2(of possible 2 points) The cognitive content of Isadora Duncans choreography was the soul public emotions, responses and aspirations. True False Answer Key True Part 1 of 1Multiple Choice/True False/MatchingScore48(of possible 50 points) Question 1 of 23Score2(of possible 2 points) Which American dancer combined ballet, tap, jazz, dance hall and gymnastics in his musicals and films, which he oft choreographed and direct ed as well as performed? A. Fred Astaire B. George Balanchine C.Mark Morris D. Gene Kelly Answer Key D Question 2 of 23Score2(of possible 2 points) Which 20th century American choreographer created the light hearted ballet Fancy Free for Ballet field of view which was later expanded into a highly successful musical comedy, On the Town? A. Roland Petit B. Anthony Tudor C. Jerome Robbins D. Peter Martins Answer Key C Question 3 of 23Score2(of possible 2 points) Danced to a score by Aaron Copland, which ballet was one of the most successful pieces mounted by the Ballet Russe de four-card monte Carlo and was the work of American choreographer Agnes de Mille?A. Graduatuin Ball (1940) B. Rodeo (1942) C. darkness Shadow (1946) D. A Tradegy of Fashion (1926) Answer Key B Question 4 of 23Score2(of possible 2 points) Which young ballerina took over Alicia Markovas roles when she left in 1935, and went on to create many roles in Frederick Ashtons ballets? A. Marie Rambert B. Margot Fonteyn C . Ninette de Valois D. Tamara Toumanova Answer Key B Question 5 of 23Score2(of possible 2 points) By the _______ ballet was well on its way to decorous a truly international art, with no single city as the nitty-gritty of the dance world. A. 1930s.B. 1940s C. 1950s D. mid- sixties Answer Key C Question 6 of 23Score2(of possible 2 points) Although the deaths of Diaghilev in 1929 and Pavlova in 1931 began to weaken the Russian monopoly on westward ballet, the tradition of the Ballet Russes was carried on in new ballet companies which sprang up in Britain, France and the U. S in the 1930s and 40s. True False Answer Key True Question 7 of 23Score2(of possible 2 points) Who first esablished the School of American Ballet, after recognizing the charter for good dance training in America? A. George Balanchine B. Agnes de Mille C.Serge Lifar D. Lucia Chase Answer Key A Question 8 of 23Score2(of possible 2 points) Freed by Cunningham and Nikolais from the necessity of storytelling or self -expression, the choreographers of the sixties began to explore new approaches to conceiving and structuring dances. True False Answer Key True Question 9 of 23Score2(of possible 2 points) Who organized the first dance concert in 1962 at Judson Memorial Church, which became a center for elegant and intellectual activities and the home of the group known as Judson Dance Theater? A. Trisha embrown B. Kenneth King C.Simone Forti D. Robert Dunn Answer Key D Question 10 of 23Score2(of possible 2 points) In Cunninghams works, although music occupies the same timespan as the choreography, and design the same physical space, uncomplete has to relate in any other way to the dancing. True False Answer Key True Question 11 of 23Score2(of possible 2 points) Which choreographers technique uses make improvisation, in which the operators alternately take each others weight without utilize their hands, and requires a highly developed sense of balance and a capacity for resonance with others? A. Steve Paxton B. David Gordon C. Douglas Dunn D. Trisha Brown Answer Key A Question 12 of 23Score2(of possible 2 points) Merce Cunningham is known for frequently collaborating with avant-garde composer A. Scott Joplin B. George Gershwin C. John Cage D. Sergei Rachmaninoff Answer Key C Question 13 of 23Score0(of possible 2 points) Which choreographer rebelled against what he viewed as the modern dances soaking up with self? A. Paul Taylor B. Merce Cunningham C. Alvin Ailey D. Alwin Nikolais Answer Key D Question 14 of 23Score2(of possible 2 points).Although the extreme experiments of the 1950s, 60s, and 70s have been abandoned or subdued with time, their impact has had which of the following effects on our conceptions of dance today? A. there is now more latitude in the types of movement generally accepted as dance B. there is more freedom of natural selection in choreographic method, perform style, costume, performing space and other elements of presentation C. it helped croc k up the myth that a dancer had to be trained practically from the cradle D. all of the above Answer Key D Question 15 of 23Score2(of possible 2 points).Louis Horsts review of Paul Taylors schedule Seven New Dances, published in Dance Observer of November 1957, consisted of a unfilled space. True False Answer Key True Question 16 of 23Score2(of possible 2 points) Which choreographer used everyday movements such as walking, running and sitting an objective reverberating of Isadora Duncans? A. Paul Taylor B. Lucinda Childs C. Anna Sokolow D. Martha Graham Answer Key A Question 17 of 23Score2(of possible 2 points) Merce Cunningham has been recognized during his lifetime as one of the most innovative and influential choreographers of the 20th Century.True False Answer Key True Question 18 of 23Score2(of possible 2 points) Who said I urgency man to be able to identify with things other than himself. We must give up our navel contemplations long enough to take our place in space. A. Meredith Monk B. Alwin Nikolais C. Twyla Tharp D. David Gordon Answer Key B Question 19 of 23Score2(of possible 2 points) The artists involved with Judson Dance Theater were avant-garde experimentalists who embraced the confines of Modern dance practice and theory. True False Answer Key False.Question 20 of 23Score2(of possible 2 points) Cunningham sees randomness and arbitrariness as confirmatory qualities in making dances because they are neer conditions of real life. True False Answer Key False Question 21 of 23Score2(of possible 2 points) Who choreographed the radical work, Duet (1957), in which he and his pianist remained motionless for the season of the dance, which was accompanied by a non-score by John Cage. A. Merce Cunningham B. Paul Taylor C. Gene Kelly D. Mikhail Baryshnikov Answer Key B.Question 22 of 23Score2(of possible 2 points) Who said NO to spectacle no to virtuosity no to transformations and magic and make-believe no to the spellbind and transcendency of the star image no to the heroic no to the anti-heroic no to throw out imagery no to involvement of performer or spectator no to style no to camp no to subjection of spectator by the wiles of the performer no to eccentricity no to moving or being moved. A. Yvonne Rainer B. Twyla Tharp C. Alvin Ailey D. Mikhail Baryshnikov Answer Key A Question 23 of 23Score6(of possible 6 points).Please outfit the following descriptions with the correct answers Match Choice 1. Two major ballet companies in Soviet Russia initially known in the 1920s and 30s to encourage a sense of taste towards drama for political purposes. Select A. B. C. A. Kirov and Bolshoi Ballets 2. In contrast to the Ballet Russe companies, with their cosmopolitan bankroll and perennial touring, several companies in England began to develop a smaller scale national identity in the 1920s and 30s Select A. B. C. B. Ballet Rambert and Sadlers Wells Ballet 3.After Diaghilevs death in 1929, and his company had disbanded, its name and heritage were claimed by two rival companies. Select A. B. C. C. Basil Ballets Russes and Ballet Russe de four-card monte Carlo Answer Key 1 A, 2 B, 3 C Part 1 of 1Multiple ChoiceScore50(of possible 50 points) Question 1 of 25Score2(of possible 2 points) Although Alvin Ailey is usually sort as a modern dancer, he often employed the hybrid form of modern ballet in works created for his multi-racial group, the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater.True False Answer Key True Question 2 of 25Score2(of possible 2 points) Life, death, and metamorphosis are _______s principle themes. A. Butoh B. Tanztheater C. reductivism D. whang Answer Key A Question 3 of 25Score2(of possible 2 points) Which choreographer of the Royal Ballet, produced many evening-long dramatic works including Romeo and Juliet (1965). A. Kenneth MacMillan B. Sir Frederick Ashton C. David Gordon D. Yuri Grigorovich Answer Key A Question 4 of 25Score2(of possible 2 points)When did modern dance choreographers first pop out to set pieces for ballet companies? A. early 1930s B. late 1940s C. mid 1950s D. early 1970s Answer Key B Question 5 of 25Score2(of possible 2 points) Which organization, established in 1984, has encouraged many American dance companies to take new risks by funding their collaboration with forward-moving choreographers? A. The Take a Risk fundament B. interior(a) Endowment for the Arts C. The National Choreography Project D. none of the above Answer Key C Question 6 of 25Score2(of possible 2 points)Twyla Tharp has been a favorite guest choreographer and has mounted works for American Ballet Theatre featuring the Russian promethium danseur ________________. A. George Balanchine B. Alexander Gudunov C. Michel Fokine D. Mikhail Baryshnikov Answer Key D Question 7 of 25Score2(of possible 2 points) The term _______ became widely used in the 1970s to describe certain types of peices by visual artists. A. punk B. story ballet C. performance art D. formalism Answer Key C Questi on 8 of 25Score2(of possible 2 points).Riverdance is a show which presents the traditional dance form called _______ in a glamorous new package, performed by a large and proficient young flap with a high degree of get-up-and-go and precision. A. Baroque dancing B. Ballroom dancing C. Court dancing D. Irish step dancing Answer Key D Question 9 of 25Score2(of possible 2 points) Who choreographed nevertheless/Here which was perceived as the choreographers response to the death from AIDS of his provide Arnie Zane, and his own HIV positive status? A. Mark Morris B. Matthew Bourne.C. Bill T. Jones D. Garth Fagan Answer Key C Question 10 of 25Score2(of possible 2 points) A major offshoot of of modern dance, _______ , arose in Germany and is perhaps best known through the works of Pina Bausch. A. Butoh B. Minimalism C. Tanztheater D. rap Answer Key C Question 11 of 25Score2(of possible 2 points) _______ is an urban culture created by rap musicians which encompasses music, dance and fash ion. A. Butoh B. Minimalism C. Tanztheater D. Hip-hop Answer Key D Question 12 of 25Score.